History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of the Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortés William H. Prescott (1843; 1891 David McKay edition), Volume II
If Volume I introduced readers to the astonishing world of ancient Mexico, Volume II is where the conquest becomes a full-blown collision of civilizations, religions, and empires.
Prescott follows Hernán Cortés and his small Spanish force as they march ever deeper into the Mexican interior, accompanied by thousands of indigenous allies and guided by the indispensable interpreter Doña Marina. Every step takes them closer to the heart of an empire ruled by Montezuma II, a monarch increasingly haunted by omens, prophecies, and uncertainty about the strangers advancing toward his capital.
What many people never learn is that Prescott does not describe the Mexica merely as warriors. He presents a civilization with laws, courts, schools, merchants, engineers, astronomers, poets, priests, and one of the most impressive cities ever seen in the Americas. Yet woven through every part of society was a powerful religious system centered on gods such as Huitzilopochtli, Tezcatlipoca, and the mysterious feathered serpent Quetzalcoatl.
Prescott describes vast temple complexes, an organized priesthood, sacred calendars, fasting, rituals, and ceremonies that governed daily life.
The most shocking event of the volume is the infamous Cholula massacre. According to the accounts Prescott follows, Cortés became convinced that a conspiracy had been laid against his army. At a signal, Spanish troops and their Tlaxcalan allies fell upon the city. Panic erupted. Nobles, warriors, and civilians were cut down as buildings burned and the streets filled with the dead. Prescott treats the episode as one of the darkest and most controversial moments of the conquest, a bloodbath whose memory would echo throughout Mexico.
The march then continues into the mountains. The Spaniards climb toward the great volcanoes overlooking the Valley of Mexico, enduring cold, altitude, and dangerous terrain before reaching one of the most celebrated moments in conquest literature. Below them lay a breathtaking landscape of lakes, cultivated fields, towns, floating gardens, and, in the distance, the gleaming island city of Tenochtitlan.
Nothing prepares them for the capital itself. Crossing the great causeways over the lake, they enter a city that left even hardened conquistadors astonished. Prescott describes broad avenues, canals crowded with traffic, markets overflowing with goods, palaces, gardens, temples, and a population numbering in the hundreds of thousands.
At the center of it all stood Montezuma II. Prescott portrays him not as a fool, but as an intelligent and experienced ruler trapped between political reality and spiritual fear. Reports of strange omens, prophecies, and traditions concerning the possible return of Quetzalcoatl weighed heavily on his mind. Whether those traditions truly influenced his decisions remains debated, but Prescott believed they were a crucial part of the emperor’s hesitation.
One of the most fascinating aspects of Volume II is that both sides believed they were acting within a divine drama. The Spaniards saw themselves as soldiers of Christianity carrying the Cross into a pagan empire. The Mexica interpreted events through their own sacred traditions, priests, prophecies, and gods. Neither side fully understood the other, yet both believed history and heaven were on their side.
This is a clash between two sophisticated worlds, each possessing remarkable achievements, deep religious convictions, extraordinary courage, and terrifying capacities for violence.
Volume II is the calm before the storm the tense, unforgettable march from Cholula to Tenochtitlan, where wonder, fear, prophecy, diplomacy, faith, and bloodshed converge before the empire’s fate is decided.
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SpaceX Starbase: Helping Lift Brownsville Out of Poverty and Bring Wealth to Local Families
For many years, Brownsville and the Rio Grande Valley carried the difficult reputation of being among the poorest regions in the United States. High poverty rates shaped daily life for families across Cameron County for decades. In the 1990s, the area was even designated a federal Rural Empowerment Zone in recognition of these long-standing challenges.
Today, the trajectory is changing.
Poverty rates in Cameron County have been declining steadily. They fell from the mid-30s percent range around 2010 to 28.9% in the 2015–2019 period, and now stand at 24.8% according to the latest U.S. Census Bureau data (2020–2024 American Community Survey 5-year estimates).
While the rate is still higher than state and national averages, the consistent downward trend reflects real, measurable progress.
A New Wave of Investment and Job Creation
Recent data from the Greater Brownsville Economic Development Corporation’s FY 2025 Annual Impact Report shows strong momentum.
Between October 2024 and September 2025, the organization helped attract $183.7 million in new investment and supported the creation of 3,288 jobs.
The report also shows 10,604 jobs retained during that period and 7,116 jobs already committed for 2026.
*Greater Brownsville EDC FY 2025 Key Economic Highlights (see infographic below)
These figures reflect broad economic activity across the region, with SpaceX’s Starbase playing a significant role as a major anchor project.
Starbase has brought thousands of direct jobs to the area and has helped attract suppliers and related investment. This type of large-scale development is helping address long-standing needs for stable employment and skills development in Brownsville and surrounding communities.
Local voices are also noticing the change.
Former Brownsville City Councilwoman Jessica Tetreau,
@JessicaTetreau at Starbase beach at sunset described the shift she has witnessed in her own community:
“Before, in the past in Brownsville, people would talk about the brain drain, how all of our youth would have to leave to San Antonio, to Austin to find jobs… And now these young people that are from the community are finding these amazing jobs.”
She shared that in her own neighborhood, parents are now working at SpaceX, and children are growing up excited about launches and rocket engineering, “just like their fathers.”
“The kids that are graduating from UTRGV and local universities, they’re coming to work here. It’s really exciting. Engineering is now one of the hottest and exciting things to have in this area.”
Direct Support for Education and Downtown Renewal
In addition to job creation, there has been targeted investment in the community’s future. In 2021, Elon Musk and the Musk Foundation committed $30 million to the area. $20 million to schools across Cameron County and $10 million for the revitalization of downtown Brownsville.
Brownsville Independent School District received more than $2.4 million of the school funding. The money has supported the expansion of Career and Technical Education programs, helping prepare young people for the skilled jobs now available locally.
The downtown portion included a $1 million grant to the Brownsville Community Improvement Corporation to strengthen the historic core of the city.
Below are a few photos I took while touring downtown Brownsville with Jessica Tetreau right after Starship Launch 12, showing the renewed energy through spots like Main Street Deli, a local bookstore, and Dodici Pizza & Wine.
A Community Moving Forward
Brownsville has always been a resilient place. In recent years, it has gained access to meaningful new employment opportunities, investment in education, and visible improvements in its downtown.
These developments are helping lift families, create local wealth, and support the renewal of the community.
Challenges remain, as they do in any place working to overcome long-term economic hardship. But the direction is positive.
New jobs are being created, young people are gaining access to better training, and the heart of the city is showing signs of renewal.
This is the quieter but very real story of progress happening in Brownsville today that legacy media will keep quiet about.
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'Aerial herders' take off on Qinghai's plateau pastures
At the foot of snow-capped mountains, on the vast grassland, a drone is on a herding mission.
In Domkog township, Maqen county, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, northwest China's Qinghai Province, herdsman Gongpo Tsering began using a drone to herd livestock this year. With an aerial view, he can quickly track the movements of his yak herd. The buzzing sound of the drone also helps drive the yaks down from the mountains.
Once dependent on horseback to patrol the pastures, he now relies on technology to guard his livestock, making his work and daily life more efficient and convenient.
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