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很伤心也很遗憾,看到黄教主在短短几天内就被迫辞去 CEO 的职务,现实过于魔幻。我自己从 2019 年开始就坚定地投资 NVDA,一同走过了疫情和如今的 AI 革命,而现在我们将进入一个“后黄仁勋”的智能时代。但有句古话,世界离开了谁都会继续运转,我分享一下对这件事情的思考和结论:抛开所有的阴谋论,让他离职原因的是第二段和直接下属的关系。 就在同一天,路透报道白宫在讨论商务部长卢特尼克的去留。此前 Axios 报道他三次拖延执行特朗普批准的打击转运措施,商务部否认发生过对质。我觉得政治是背后的主因。黄仁勋是对华芯片市场准入最主要的游说者,也是特朗普在 AI 产业里最重要的企业盟友。民主党刚在选举中大胜,他已经同意感恩节前到国会作证,舒默也表示辞职免除不了国会问责。所以他离任不会让事情结束,反而可能让 H200 对华销售、商务部的角色、白宫是否知情,都变成听证会的主题,出口管制收紧的速度会更快。 SemiAnalysis 最新的文章写到有超过 1.5GW 受限芯片流入中国,这个数字与 Epoch 的全渠道估计(中位数 66 万 H100 当量)粗算在同一量级。但走私金额不是重点,合法的远程租赁才是。《远程访问安全法案》(RASA)已在众议院以 369 比 22 通过,参议院正在表决,Nvidia 和 Oracle 一直在大力游说反对。远程访问规则一旦落地,真正会被切掉的,是中国公司在东南亚合法租用的算力,以及靠这类需求融资的 NeoCloud。 算力融资信贷会被重新估值。Nvidia 是这里的“央行”,但 CFO Kress 曾反对给 OpenAI 的担保,SemiAnalysis 则认为 NeoCloud 能融到资,靠的是黄仁勋的个人信用。两条拼在一起:现在掌舵的正是对兜底最谨慎的人。算力需求不会变,但由 Nvidia 信用撑起来的那部分需求可能收缩,但收缩多少还不确定。 短期内不用过于悲观,未来 12–18 个月的产品路线、已锁定的供应承诺和 CUDA 的粘性,不会因为换人消失。关键人物风险兑现得慢:2028 年之后的产能分配,以及下一个赌注有没有人敢下,是最大的风险。苹果的先例也说明,这种转变对技术节奏是坏事,对股东未必。执行力和生态协调上那部分“黄仁勋溢价”会慢慢消退,我们可能会看到一个平凡的 Nvidia,没有了创始人睿智和开辟新疆域的 Nvidia,但依然是一个赚钱的 Nvidia。 开源这条线被市场低估了。如果中国的 AI 实验室不再开源针对 Nvidia硬件的优化、转向国产芯片,结果是两套逐渐分离的技术栈。这对闭源前沿实验室有利,对依赖开源模型的创业公司和主权 AI 项目不利,影响会比股价波动持续得久。 管制方向基本确定,时间不确定。 该不该全面切断远程访问,是一个有真实分歧的政策问题。支持者看重堵住漏洞;反对者(包括 SemiAnalysis)认为这会失去监控能力,并加速国产替代。这里不下结论。能判断的是,最有分量的反对者已经离场,而下周的深圳会面可能让执行推后。 黄教主的离场,感觉是牺牲自己来拯救 Nvidia。从此,算力流向何处将由国家安全而非商业信用裁决,全球 AI 技术栈也将加速一分为二。不过,斗争的大戏才刚刚开始,群众可以继续吃瓜,但伟大的企业确少了一个伟大的企业家!希望能有奇迹发生✨
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美国为了锁死竞争对手在关键尖端领域的核心能力,通过长臂管辖和出口管制,对战略资产进行出口管制,都受到美国商务部工业与安全局BIS的出口管制条例约束,像燃气轮机和GPU这种,理论上都会严格审查到最终目的地或者最终用户。 但是出于强烈的利益驱动,中间层“白手套”公司通常都会有办法腾挪,最著名的是2017年西门子克里米亚燃机事件,四台原本是安装在俄罗斯Taman电厂的四台重型燃机,通过隐瞒和第三方转手的方式,被安装到了克里米亚半岛上,这是最近重型工业设备走私的经典案例。 迄今为止,美国司法部仍然在高压打击重型燃机的核心零部件的非法销售,俄罗斯圣彼得堡能源公司的高管通过虚假合同,从美国非法采购和转运燃机维修部件到俄罗斯和伊朗等国。 N卡也是同理,GPU掌管数字和AI时代的算力命脉,迭代速度快,政策漏洞更多(云服务,算力租赁等等),这就是为啥最近马来西亚特别是柔佛州,快速崛起成为全球与亚太地区最重要的AI算力中心与数据中心聚集地之一,在短短时间内突破数吉瓦(GW),吸引了包括微软(Microsoft)、谷歌(Google)、甲骨文(Oracle)、字节跳动(ByteDance)、阿里云以及杨忠礼集团(YTL)携手英伟达(NVIDIA)等全球巨头的大规模布局。 这其实是极其复杂的灰色地带,如果通过东南亚(如柔佛)的数据中心把算力“穿透”并提供给禁令国家和地区的用户,实质上也就突破了物理芯片的出口禁令,这种模式早期一度被认为是合法的“技术套利”。美国政府显然也已经意识到了这一点,美国国会众议院以压倒性优势通过《远程访问安全法案》(简称 RASA)来封堵这个漏洞。 这其实就不难理解,为什么Alice会被放在高倍放大镜下:中国籍,45亿美金GPU订单,新加坡,东南亚算力中心。老黄其实很明白,想要保持住技术竞争优势,就得效仿当年Windows的免费战略,但现在已经是2026年了,夹在中间供腾挪的空间也不大了。
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And yeah @fermah_xyz started with a problem that sits deep inside the ZK stack. Zero knowledge applications can prove that a computation was done correctly, but producing those proofs at scale takes serious infrastructure: specialised hardware, several proving systems, workload scheduling, and reliability and cost controls. A team building a ZK rollup, zkVM, bridge or coprocessor cannot simply ask for "a proof" and move on. Fermah's first answer was a universal proof generation layer. Provers with GPUs and other hardware supply capacity, applications that need proofs create the demand, and Fermah matches the two. That marketplace is now called Froben. The problem behind the proof Running this in production exposed something bigger. A proof is one step in a longer sequence. Something has to trigger the work, the work has to run, the result has to be verified, and then the result usually has to start the next action. Fermah's argument is that blockchains are good at recording state and weak at starting what happens next. Take a lending position that crosses its liquidation threshold. The chain records the fact, but nothing forces the liquidation. A keeper, bot or backend still has to notice the condition, build the transaction and submit it. Consensus settles what happened, and a human run service still decides what happens after. Fermah calls the missing piece protocol agency: a protocol's ability to act on a verifiable condition without depending on an outside operator. What Kernel does Kernel is Fermah's Protocol Agency Engine, and its pitch is short: Define. Execute. Attest. A developer defines a workflow, Kernel runs it, and the result is published onchain with a cryptographic proof. Three design choices matter here: -Typed nodes. Workflows are built from a library of verified building blocks such as HTTP calls, onchain reads, price feeds and math functions. The type system validates how they connect before anything runs. -Sandboxed execution. Workflows run in an isolated environment built for untrusted code, and the same inputs always produce the same output. - AI where it helps, code where it counts. Fermah says AI agents can compose workflows, but deterministic code executes them, with no LLM in the execution path. Kernel can work as an oracle too. A smart contract requests a workflow, Kernel runs it, and the contract receives the result with a proof that the workflow ran exactly as written. Froben and Flashcast Fermah did not walk away from ZK. Froben still runs, now on top of Kernel, and its paying customers include ZKsync Era and Abstract. In Froben, a workflow defines the proving pipeline and Kernel schedules the work across the prover fleet. Flashcast Social shows a different use of the same engine. A user posts a question, and within seconds it becomes a live prediction market. Kernel then runs the resolution workflow and settles the market automatically when the event happens, with no committee and no dispute window. Proof generation and market resolution have little in common on the surface. What they share is a condition that has to produce an action, and that is the workload Kernel is built around. Fermah also lists data aggregation, pricing oracles and cross chain coordination as things Kernel can run. Where agents fit Fermah's latest thinking extends this to autonomous software agents. An agent working onchain needs to find available actions, check whether it is allowed to run them, pay, execute, and use the output as the input to its next step. Fermah describes this as action manifests, which make actions machine readable across discovery, eligibility, execution, payment and output. The shift in one line The old question was how to generate ZK proofs efficiently at scale. The new one is how a protocol can turn a verifiable condition into a complete, executable sequence. Proving is still part of the system, but it is now one workload among several that Kernel coordinates.
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Seven switches stand between a stock token and a loan. The $PLEDGE desk makes you flip each one yourself. Film M follows a single example, 100 NVDAc, from raw value to a repaid loan: 1. Connect: reads your account and sends nothing 2. Approve: an exact-amount approval, never a blank check 3. Supply: its own review, then your confirm 4. Enable: collateral switched on in a separate review 5. Borrow: debt, health and fee shown before your wallet opens 6. Repay: an approval alone does not repay 7. Read back: the mined transaction is checked and your position is refreshed Before switch 1, the desk does the math in the open. 100 NVDAc is about $23,481 (oracle price times the token-to-share multiplier, on two separate clocks). A 70% factor makes a 16,438 USDC theoretical limit, caps and liquidity shrink it to real room, and choosing half lands at about 8,219 USDC. That costs 6.58 USDC a month at 0.96%, starts at health 2.00, and a simplified 50% price fall takes health to 1. $PLEDGE lives on Robinhood Chain. The loans run on Base. Holding $PLEDGE is not collateral, not a fee entitlement and not loan eligibility. Built on Aave V4 data. If their value falls too far, Aave can sell your tokens. The loan still needs to be repaid. Illustrative walkthrough of the shipped UI, nothing signed or sent. Eligible users outside the US only. @aave @PledgeDesk @ponsdotfamily @coinbase CA:0xbCeFDAB9Ea24a16ca6F993A36f74Da17c63B8C3A Trade only the contract posted from this account.
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$PLEDGE is a stock-token loan desk that reads Aave CA:0xbCeFDAB9Ea24a16ca6F993A36f74Da17c63B8C3A V4 on Base live. Here is what happens under the hood: • Reads the on-chain share multiplier for each stock token (NVDAc is at 1.0005 right now) • Converts your token balance into underlying shares • Applies the collateral factor (NVDAc is at 70%) • Prices it against the oracle • Checks the live USDC borrow rate (0.96% right now) • Shows your borrow limit, your cost per month and your sell point before you borrow anything Seven Coinbase stock tokens are supported: AAPLc, AMZNc, GOOGLc, METAc, MSFTc, NVDAc and TSLAc. New fact: the dev has burned 36,046,572 $PLEDGE across 11 burns. That is 3.60% of the 1B supply, and every burn can be checked on the Robinhood Chain explorer. The desk only reads data and never moves funds. The Borrow button opens the official Aave app. If their value falls too far, Aave can sell your tokens. The loan still needs to be repaid. Built on Aave V4 data. Trade only the contract posted from this account. @aave @PledgeDesk @ponsdotfamily
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2 Streams happening TONIGHT @ Binance Square that im keeping a close eye on 🍿 > Crypto charts w/ Oracle Ft @Fitzydke / @GibCryptoNews (11AM UTC) 📈💹 > New Money Cast Ft @maeveknows & @pukerrainbrow (1PM UTC) 🤮🌈💸 One gives you trading signals, the other tells you where new money opportunities lie 😛 Links Below 👇
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1/ 如果一家新的 AI 实验室需要 GPU,业内人最推荐谁? Chris Barber 发起了一轮投票: 15 票:SF Compute 11 票:CoreWeave 10 票:Modal、Nebius 9 票:Lambda 5 票:Fluidstack 4 票:RunPod 3 票:Crusoe、Together AI 2 票:Baseten、Google Cloud、Oracle、Ornn
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I asked people: "where should neolabs go for GPUs?" 15 votes: SF Compute (@evanjconrad @jeztek @Ethan_is_online @EricMenees @apagajewski) 11 votes: CoreWeave (@BrianVenturo @branninmcbee) 10 votes: Modal (@bernhardsson @akshat_b) 10 votes: Nebius (@romanchernin) 9 votes: Lambda (@stephenbalaban) 5 votes: Fluidstack (@garywu @CesarMaklary @jimcox25) 4 votes: RunPod (@flash__singh) 3 votes: Crusoe (@ChaseLochmiller @Electron_Cowboy) (also received one vote against) 3 votes: Together AI (@vipulved @ce_zhang @tri_dao @percyliang) 2 votes: Baseten (@tuhinone @amiruci @saltyph @defpan) 2 votes: Google Cloud (@sundarpichai) 2 votes: Oracle (@ClayMagouyrk) 2 votes: Ornn (@bavaria_kush @wayne_nelmz) People couldn't pick a company they work at or founded. Disclosure: I'm a small investor in SF Compute. I didn't vote.
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NVIDIA 发布 Skill2Env:用“集体技能”强化智能体 NVIDIA 研究者们把社区公开的 Agent Skills 编译成可执行 RL 训练环境的数据流水线:3.4k 个 Skills 变成 8k 个带程序化测试和行为量规的终端任务;仅 300 步 RL 训练就让 Qwen3.8-27B 在 Terminal-Bench 2.1 上提升 4.7 个百分点,且模型行为显著向源 Skills 的方法论对齐。 开源项目: 核心洞察:公开 Agent Skills 是一个被忽视的监督来源 Agent Skills 是“教智能体做某件事”的文件夹:一个 SKILL.md 加上可选的脚本、参考资料和资产。论文指出,把公开 Skill 语料当作数据来读,它同时提供三样东西: · 任务分布的采样:人们真正想让智能体处理的任务分布(有人愿意花时间写下工作流,说明这活儿值得自动化); · 真实世界的锚点:指向真实的仓库、数据集、工具和工件; · 结果测试表达不了的质量标准:领域专长、默认参数、常见坑、“好结果长什么样”。 # 数据流水线:四阶段编译,验证靠构造 1. Plan(分解):容器化的 Codex 规划器读取完整 Skill 包、联网调研相关公共资产,把 Skill 拆解成若干可验证的 workflow,每个附带元计划(场景、初始世界、预埋缺陷、难点来源、解法草案、验证策略)、资产建议和“任务轴池”(任务原型 × 验证器模式 × 人物画像)。 2. Diversify(多样化):宿主从轴池采样一组组合,加上复杂度、指令语气、请求者专业水平。关键设计是轴池以 workflow 为条件:研究型 workflow 配“证据可追溯”验证和研究者画像,而不是从全轴乘积空间乱抽,这让多样化保持 sensible。 3. Create(构造):全新创建者 Codex agent 在 Docker 内工作,尽可能用真实素材(钉在特定 commit 的开源仓库、真实版本化文档、官方 API 规范);需要联网服务的场景改造成本地替身(stub 服务器、录制回放 fixture、PATH 上的假 CLI、种子数据库),求解时绝不依赖网络。创建顺序被严格固定:先建世界 → 写指令 → 写测试 → 写量规 → 最后才写参考解,测试先于解法冻结,保证解法必须迁就评分契约而非反过来。 4. Verify(验证):宿主端无模型参与的接收门:静态检查(布局、符号链接、Dockerfile 安全、基础镜像按内容摘要钉死)+ 两个容器内试跑:Oracle(参考解)必须全指标满分,NOP(什么都不做的 agent)必须全指标零分。任一失败即拒绝。 值得注意的一个反直觉选择:不做 teacher 模型预验证(不像部分工作用强模型试解、解不出就丢弃任务)。理由有二:这会把任务难度上限压到验证器能力,且成本翻倍;而 group-based RL 的在线动态过滤(rollout 无优势的 prompt 自动不产生梯度)天然淘汰过难/过易任务。 # 数据画像:广、贵、且忠实于源 规模与成本:7,971 个任务,用 GPT-5.6 Sol(xhigh 推理档)生成,API 花费超 9 万美元。(脚注:出于法律原因,公开发布的数据集改用 Kimi-K3-max 在同一流水线下生成。) 领域分布:13 个领域中,软件工程仅占 22.5%,AI/ML 10.5%,商业/金融/法律/HR 10.5%,营销 9.3%……论文对比了 TMax-15K、Terminal-Bench、DeepSWE 等,Skill2Env 是唯一全覆盖 13 域、且非技术知识工作占大头的语料。 忠实度探针(很聪明的设计):用任务指令+量规作查询、对 3.4k 个 SKILL.md 做 TF-IDF 检索,73.2% 的任务 top-1 命中真实源 Skill,94.6% 进 top-10(随机 0.03%)。单用量规也有 68.5% top-1,证明量规携带的是 Skill 专属方法论而非泛泛建议。 SFT 数据:用 GLM-5.3 对每个任务 rollout 两次,得到 15,968 条轨迹,平均奖励 0.74,中位轨迹 19 次模型调用 + 23 次工具调用。 S2EBench:考虑到公开基准饱和,从 SkillHub 另外生成、逐条人工审核(指令无歧义、忠实于源 Skill、测试公允)后的 79 任务私有 held-out 基准。 # RL 实验:基础设施 + 极简配方 基础设施(论文明确说“现代 agentic RL 首先是基础设施挑战”):Molt(PyTorch 原生全异步训练,Ray + vLLM + FSDP2)+ Polar(agent rollout 层:rootless Apptainer 沙箱、代理回传 token ID 和采样时 log-prob、prefix merging 把 harness 的多次补全缝合成训练轨迹)。 配方(刻意走“简单路线”):GRPO 组归一优势 + DPPO 的 binary-KL 信任域掩码(δ=0.05,超出阈值的 token 直接丢弃,无需参考模型,还能防训练-推理失配);G=8 rollouts/组,批 64,lr 1e-6 恒定,无 KL 惩罚、无熵奖励、无 SFT 热启动,每任务 65k 上下文。 量规校准奖励:开量规时,额外由 GPT-6 Astra 做 LLM-as-Judge(带“宪法”:惩罚无脑循环、reward hacking、答非所问;hacking 实证 = -5 分),总奖励 r = r_V + λs/5(λ=0.2),即 judge 最多把程序化奖励拉动 ±0.2。量规是校准可执行结果奖励,而非取代它,这是与“Rubrics as Rewards”一系的定位差异。 # 四项发现(论文最有信息量的部分) 发现 1:小规模 RL 即有跨域迁移。 仅 300 步、只用 2,400 任务子集训一个 epoch:S2EBench pass@1 +4.3(均分 +18.5),Terminal-Bench 2.1 +4.7(49.4→54.1)。训练集与 TB 无重叠(13-gram Jaccard < 0.8),且训练集从未针对 TB 调过,论文将其解读为规划、工具使用、收尾能力的通用提升而非任务族记忆。这让 27B 本地模型显著缩小了与云端前沿模型的差距。 发现 2:量规校准 RL 在基准上落后于纯结果 RL,一个诚实的负结果。 量规版在 TB 2.1 只有 50.1(纯结果版 54.1);训练中量规版的程序化奖励长期停在 0.5–0.6,judge 分项从头到尾无上升趋势,两个奖励在训练分布上互相拉扯。论文不把它当作对量规奖励的终审判决(两者优化不同目标,而基准只考结果那一半),并给出两个疑因:λ=0.2 的加性形式让失败任务仍能拿正奖励、judge 看不到文件系统等设定均未调优;以及更本质的,Skill 写下的方法论可能本来就不是最大化基准通过率的分布。 发现 3:行为确实向 Skill 对齐,量规的价值所在。 200 个任务的成对偏好测试(judge 拿源 SKILL.md 当标准,比较匿名化的 base 与 RL 轨迹):纯结果 RL 已被偏好 54.5% vs 33.5%;量规版被偏好 73.0% vs 24.0%。这说明量规奖励买到的东西在结果基准上看不见,但对“怎么做事”影响实质,对网页开发、报告综合、开放研究这类难验证任务尤其重要。 发现 4:GLM-5.3 蒸馏 SFT 反而伤害 Qwen。 在 GLM-5.3 轨迹上做 SFT:27B 上 TB 2.1 掉到 45.8;4B 上直接崩塌(TB 18.7→3.4,出现思维/工具调用死循环)。归因:教师的 interleaved-thinking + 工具调用风格与学生自身 post-training 不兼容,模仿覆盖了学生依赖的行为模式却带不来教师的能力。与 TMax 报告的“SFT 混合数据劣化已后训练的 Qwen”互相印证。因此论文所有 RL 结果都从未修改的原始 checkpoint 出发。
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Larry Ellison pledged $9.2bn in shares to a new personal loan. Can’t imagine the interest rate is great on them given the climate. Oracle shareholders are not gonna love a margin loan at a stock price that’s already shaky
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