SpaceX has introduced a new website for its next-generation
@Starlink V3 satellites, along with new information about the satellite.
• 1 Tbps downlink capacity (~10× higher than Starlink V2).
• 160 Gbps uplink capacity (~22× higher than Starlink V2).
• 2,048 downlink beams + 2,048 uplink beams (vs. 192 downlink/144 uplink beams on V2).
• Upgraded phased array antennas enable the increased user capacity and beam count.
• New SpaceX-designed beamformer chips power the phased arrays.
• Modem chips handle ~64× more throughput per chip, allowing more efficient simultaneous service and real-time beam allocation based on demand.
• Each satellite includes 6 high-capacity 400 Gbps laser links, enabling a redundant petabit-scale laser mesh network for global routing.
• Each satellite also has 4 quad-band RF backhaul antennas operating across Ka, E, V, and W bands.
• RF backhaul capacity increases to 1.2 Tbps (>8× Starlink V2).
• Backhaul uplink supports 60 GHz of spectrum across frequencies and polarizations (4.3× more than V2).
• New solar arrays generate ~2× the power of the V2 satellite arrays.
• Solar arrays are manufactured using a continuous roll of solar blanket, cut into 19-meter sections, with 4 sections stitched together per array.
• Solar arrays are optimized to reduce atmospheric drag in low Earth orbit.
• A Starship launch carrying V3 satellites will deploy ~20× more network capacity than a Falcon 9 launch carrying V2 satellites.
• V3 technology will support future Starlink Mobile Gen 2 satellites, delivering terrestrial-like LTE speeds directly to unmodified smartphones.
Website:
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Two weeks ago, Ethereum researchers met in Berlin to continue charting the protocol's long-term trajectory, following along discussions with client teams in Svalbard in April.
The updated strawmap is at and I attached a picture of it to this post.
My own high-level takeaways:
* "Lean Ethereum" is not a single one-shot upgrade, it is a collection of improvements that will come online to the Ethereum network over the course of three or four years. But make no mistake, this IS the third major iteration of Ethereum in the same way that the Merge was the second. Almost every major piece of the protocol will be replaced:
- Verification through recursive STARKs, rather than direct re-execution. Recursive STARKs become an enshrined first-class core component of the protocol
- Replacing everything quantum-vulnerable with quantum-safe alternatives
- Consensus: decoupled available chain and finality, one or two-round finality. Theoretically optimal security properties, simpler than today, and faster than today
- Multidimensional gas
- State: not just tree structure, but what *types* of state are available
- Changes to client architecture
...
At the same time, simplification, cleanup and future-proofing. And this will all be done in a way that minimizes disruption to existing application. We've done this before (the Merge), we can do it again.
* H-star (aka Hegota) is probably Ethereum's last thematically "pre-Lean" fork. Starting from I-star, most of everything we do will have a very strong "Lean" feel to it in one way or another.
* Privacy is no longer an afterthought, it is a first class goal. When designing Frames, the mempool, additions to the state tree, we explicitly ask the question "okay, how do quantum-safe, intermediary-free privacy protocol transactions go through this, and what is the overhead?"
* Formal verification of everything for security.
* FV also makes us much more comfortable with canonicalization (having pieces of the protocol that are directly defined as a piece of bytecode expressed in some language). evm-asm is being written in part to become a canonical proof system for the EVM.
* Quantum safety has shifted up a LOT in priority. This adds a lot of work (eg. finalizing a quantum-safe blobs design has become urgent; this work has already been ongoing for months)
* Probably the single most disruptive part of the plan is the changes to state. There is growing consensus around leaving present-day-style "dynamic state" mostly unchanged, but scaling it only a medium amount, and adding new types of state that are more scalability-friendly (eg. no need for builders to sync/store all of it) but more restrictive, and that will scale a large amount.
eg. possible Ethereum in 2030: 2 TB of present-day-style (dynamic) state, and 100 TB of new-style (scalable but restrictive) state
This "new-style" state would work very well for ERC20s, NFTs, many defi use cases, but not eg. highly "central" objects like Uniswap contracts, or onchain order books, or other complex things (which are crucial for Ethereum but which only take up a small percentage of state)
Hence, it will not be *necessary* to rewrite any apps, but it will be *very cost-effective* to eg. rewrite an ERC20 token into a newer design that uses a new type of UTXO storage that is currently being explored, so that it will have >10x lower txfees.
Design of these new state types (current ideas: keyed nonces, ring buffers, UTXOs, statically accessible state, temp state) is an area where we will need a lot of feedback from application developers (incl. privacy-friendly application developers) and probably several rounds of rethinking and iteration.
* In the context of a much larger total state size, we need to figure out the incentive issues around who stores this state and what motivates them to. Even saying "each node stores 1%" is not good enough - why do they store that 1% and why are they willing to serve it? This is being elevated as a first-class research area.
* Ethereum will need to have a "VM" other than EVM in one form or another - at the very least, we need something like leanISA for recursive STARKs - and the gains are large in exposing it to users so that we support programmable privacy and better scalability. Right now, the most likely contenders are leanISA and RISC-V.
My own ideal is that in this world, we adjust the protocol so that the EVM becomes a high-level-language compiler-level feature, and the protocol only "sees" RISC-V / leanISA directly. But this is still far away.
* Gas limit increases, blob increases and slot time decreases will happen many times over the next ~5 years. We expect a large gas limit increase with Glasterdam. Each step of increased scale or decreased slot time is a matter of getting to the point where it is safe to do it, which comes from a combination of client optimization and protocol changes.
Ethereum is CROPS.
Ethereum is scaling.
Ethereum is reinventing itself.
Onward.
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📌 VI. Trigger Matrix (V2.0 – Observation Status Log)
Observation Item Current Value Threshold Status Consecutive Days/Trend
Super-Capital Concentration Risk 9.3 8.0 ESCALATION ↑ 1 day (new)
AI Governance Risk 8.8 8.0 ESCALATION ↑ 1 day (new)
Resilience Ratio 0.63 0.70 ESCALATION ↑ 4 days
US-Iran Deal Signing Status 接近 Formal Signing WATCH —
Brent Crude Oil Price 3-mo low — THRESHOLD_CROSSED 1 day
New Ebola Health Zone (DRC) Confirmed spread — THRESHOLD_CROSSED 3 days
EU Accession Talks Launched — THRESHOLD_CROSSED 1 day
Items Near Threshold (Elevated Observation):
Observation Item Current Value Threshold Current Status
• Formal signing of US-Iran deal 接近 Formal Signing ALERT
• SpaceX market cap stability Above $2T Drop below $2T WATCH
• OpenAI probe scope expands Multi-state Federal involvement ALERT
• G7 Summit statements on AI & trade 即将 held Substantive regulatory共识 WATCH
• Cross-border Ebola spread Risk rising First邻国 confirmed case ALERT
• Clustered cases in fan zones No reports Confirmed cluster transmission WATCH
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📅 VII. Key Observation List for the Next 72 Hours
Grade A Observations (High Impact):
Observation Item Potential Impact if Triggered
1. Formal signing of US-Iran MOU Geopolitical entropy pressure declines further, but execution risk仍需 assessed.
2. SpaceX market cap stability above $2T Test of sustainability for super-capital concentration narrative.
3. OpenAI probe expands to federal level Potential further upgrade to AI governance risk level.
4. G7 Summit statements on AI & trade First collective test of institutional response capacity.
Grade B Observations (Medium Impact):
Observation Item
1. Expansion of Ebola outbreak zone in DRC
2. Subsequent日程 for EU accession negotiations
3. Public health data during FIFA World Cup
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📜 VIII. CRI Calculation Summary (V1.6)
Variable Weight Risk Score Weighted Contribution
V_capital 20% 9.3 1.86
V_tech 18% 8.8 1.58
V_inst 18% 8.1 1.46
V_geo 15% 7.5 1.13
V_human 10% 7.6 0.76
V_expansion 8% 7.9 0.63
V_market 6% 7.2 0.43
V_energy_price 5% 6.5 0.33
Total 100% CRI = 8.2
Calibration Notes: Added V_capital variable (weight 20%) to reflect super-capital concentration as a new structural risk dimension. V_tech上调 to 8.8 (AI governance race launch). V_geo下调 to 7.5 (US-Iran deal接近, declining war risk).
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📌 IX. Structural Conclusion
On June 13, 2026, the global civilizational system's Resilience Ratio remains below the 0.70警戒线 for the fourth consecutive day.
What is most worth recording today is not war – but the first time in human civilization that private wealth approaches the GDP of a中等发达国家.
When a single entrepreneur owns a satellite network, rocket system, AI platform, energy network, financial capital, and global data流入口, civilization is entering a new organizational form:
Transitioning from nation-state-led civilization to platform-infrastructure-led civilization.
If the core question of the 20th century was "How to constrain state power?", then the core question of the latter half of the 21st century may well become "How to govern super-platform power."
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Between 2016 and today, was lucky to invest in 10 companies @ $1B or higher (2 of those > $10B or higher).
In comparison, tracking a cumulative 33 that are v likely to get there based on revenue growth in the next 12-24-36 mos.
Co-founded 2 of those to date, hope to create more newcos of this caliber.
Very grateful to the angel ecosystem, GC and my awesome partners at Celesta! 🙏
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