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vitalik.eth (@VitalikButerin)

@VitalikButerin
I choose balance. First-level balance. mi pinxe lo crino tcati
543 正在关注    6.3M 粉丝
Upgrading Finality - Edition 1 Check out the plan for bringing fast finality to Ethereum. Hosted on the the brand new and shiny EF Protocol Consensus website 😁 Lots of good stuff there!
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There's a new chapter starting for the Protocol cluster. We're welcoming new leads and coordinators, and continuing our work toward Glamsterdam, Hegotà, and the Strawmap. More in the blog below 👇
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(yes, even the shrimp matter. Many people have the impression that shrimp welfare is some kind of nerd thought experiment gone crazy, but the reality is, well ... ask your bot about "eyestalk ablation")
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Sent another 64 ETH to the Animal Welfare Fund. I encourage others to think and act more in support of our non-human cousins too! The extreme suffering we're imposing on them in the billions is not something we talk about often, but it continues to be one of the larger blights on humanity. And I'm getting optimistic that this century we can finally end it. Farming practices are improving, synthetic alternatives are improving. Also, in my recent experience, good old low-tech vegetarian and vegan food has improved massively worldwide over the last ten years; I encourage anyone who has tried it long before and given up to take second look; there are far more healthier and tastier options today than the "pasta and salad" you would often get ten years ago.
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"Even more bugs are inevitable, software is all going to become probabilistic now" is cope. "AI bug-finding means we have to embrace closed-source now" is a psyop. Writing buggy code has moved from hard to trivial. Writing secure code has moved from impossible to hard.
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This theorem (left) means, the only way you can make proofs for two different things in the same position in the same Merkle tree, is by breaking the underlying hash function. As a reviewer, you don't have to verify how Merkle branches are implemented or how the theorem is proven (right), you just have to verify what the theorem says, and that Lean verifies it. And the beautiful thing is that you can even write live production code (including eg. CLI tools) directly in Lean.
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Getting increasingly bullish on just vibe-coding the important things in Lean. eg. see:
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PRIVACY IS MORE THAN MONEY This is what the Kohaku project is, straight from its core contributors, @VitalikButerin and @ncsgy. TLDR: it is a serious attempt to rethink online safety and privacy across money, AI, and life. Let’s dive in.
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"A prediction market is only as good as its oracle" I'm glad we're finally seeing PMs start to move to oracles that are both not centralized and not financialized. Next step is to make attester voting private.
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The final verdict from @trueo_’s most contentious market has been delivered. The Jury voted for an outcome Reset. In other words, they ruled that it was too early to resolve the market. But there were some very interesting things about this dispute… For starters, both TRUE holders and Attesters voted against the Oracle Council’s initial decision. The Oracle Council voted 3-2 in favor of a YES outcome (I was among the YES voters). But TRUE holders and Attesters voted in supermajority support of the dispute. They deemed that the proposal came too early, and that Polymarket had not really released a “token” yet. Or did they? I personally voted YES as an oracle council member because I felt like the rules, though ambiguous, were satisfied as written when Polymarket released pUSD. I wasn’t happy about it, obviously it didn’t capture the essence of the market which was clearly meant to be about a potential network or governance token, but I voted YES nonetheless because I felt like the criteria in a literal sense was met when pUSD dropped. But TRUE holders and Attesters felt otherwise. They must have felt like the purpose of the market wasn’t satisfied even if the rules in a very rigid and literal sense were. I know the outcome might not be to everyone’s liking, and I know that some users would have preferred a YES outcome, but I do hope that they at least found some consolation in the process it self. Namely that the various arguments were aired, and that multiple desperate judgements came to pass on the dispute. In the future these contentious markets can be avoided with more precise resolution rules, but there is always some room for interpretation or some hidden ambiguity in the spectrum of possibilities. Getting these things right is very difficult, and ultimately, what I believe is more important than the outcome itself, is the process through which an outcome is derived. All this being said, there’s nothing stopping someone from proposing the same outcome again in hopes that TRUE holders have changed their minds, or that a different batch of Attesters gets selected who are more sympathetic to the resolution. Prediction markets are vey tricky specifically because of their subjective nature. But that’s also what makes them interesting! We still have much to improve on, and we learned a lot from this dispute, but hopefully we were able to prove that we take the concept of due process very seriously. Because at the end of the day, a prediction market is only as good as its oracle!
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Keyed nonces are not just a way to add stronger in-protocol support for privacy solutions. They are also a potential first foray into a new state scaling strategy for Ethereum: create new types of storage that are more optimized for handling categories of use cases that we care about, with restrictions on their use that make them usable at extreme scale while preserving the protocol's decentralization. Let's zoom in on this case (in-protocol nullifiers). Let's say we get to 2000 TPS of privacy-preserving transactions onchain, for eight years. Then we get 2^11 tx/sec * 2^25 sec/year * 2^3 years = 2^39 [ie. 500 billion] nullifiers stored onchain (the challenge with nullifiers is that they are fundamentally not possible to prune). It's actually far easier to keep Ethereum decentralized if we have 500 billion nullifiers onchain in a dedicated nullifier store, than if we just let them grow in the current state. The reason is that the more restrictive structure of nullifiers (only used to check validity, and we can require the nullifier ID to be explicitly specified in the tx) enables more decentralized ways of handling them. This includes: * Sharding: each node (incl builders) can hold a small percentage of nullifiers, and make sure to have a connection to an honest peer in each other shard * Bloom filters: see this somewhat wacky idea here for reducing the VOPS requirement for nullifiers to ~8 bits per nullifier: Both techniques are not possible to use for dynamically accessible state. And so builders would have to download the full 16 TB to become viable (not just optimal, viable!), and privacy protocol users would not be able to use FOCIL without providing a Merkle branch proving that their nullifier is unspent, and there would be very few nodes capable of providing such a branch... Zooming back out, the moral of the story is that fully dynamic state is much harder to handle at extreme scale (tens to hundreds of TB) than state that is more controlled and restricted in how it can be used. And so if we can move the majority of usage into these more specialized forms of state (which we can make much cheaper in terms of gas), then we can keep Ethereum decentralized, and highly scalable, and keep the fully dynamic state available for applications (eg. defi) that really need its full functionality.
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🔐 New EIP-8250: Keyed Nonces for Frame Transactions 🔐 by @soispoke, @nero_eth, @lightclients and @VitalikButerin This replaces the single sender nonce with (nonce_key, nonce_seq), giving frame transactions independent replay domains. For privacy protocols, the key can be derived from a nullifier: concurrent withdrawals from a shared sender become possible, with inclusion atomically marking the nullifier spent. Target fork: Hegota Links below 👇
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🔐 New EIP-8250: Keyed Nonces for Frame Transactions 🔐 by @soispoke, @nero_eth, @lightclients and @VitalikButerin This replaces the single sender nonce with (nonce_key, nonce_seq), giving frame transactions independent replay domains. For privacy protocols, the key can be derived from a nullifier: concurrent withdrawals from a shared sender become possible, with inclusion atomically marking the nullifier spent. Target fork: Hegota Links below 👇
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Last week, Ethereum core contributors gathered in Svalbard for the Soldøgn interop: a week long event focused on hardening Glamsterdam implementations to scale Ethereum securely ☀️ Read the full recap, including their candidate post-fork gas limit, below:
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The Beneficial AI Foundation asks: "Can we prove that Signal's cryptography is secure — not just on paper, but in actual code?" Signal Shot, launched today in Paris, is a public moonshot to formally verify the Signal protocol and its Rust implementation using Lean. Open to contributions! 🔗 #leanlang# #leanprover# #softwareverification# #baif# #signal#
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Excitining News! Signal Shot is a public moonshot to verify the Signal protocol and its Rust implementation using Lean. It is a joint effort of Signal (Rolfe Schmidt), the Beneficial AI Foundation (Max Tegmark), and the Lean FRO. #leanprover# #leanlang#
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All resolved now:
The kind people at @eth_limo have warned me that there has been an attack on their DNS registrar. So please do not visit or other pages until they confirm that things are back to normal. You can check my blog via IPFS directly here:
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@VitalikButerin @eth_limo That’s not IPFS directly - just yet another gateway waiting to get compromised. 😅 Browser with actual built in IPFS/swarm/ENS:
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The kind people at @eth_limo have warned me that there has been an attack on their DNS registrar. So please do not visit or other pages until they confirm that things are back to normal. You can check my blog via IPFS directly here:
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it's a remarkable milestone for anyone working on compilers and smart contract security: Vyper is set to become the _first_ formally verified smart contract compiler, effectively allowing you to mathematically prove that the entire compilation pipeline preserves the contract logic _and_ to prove that the contract logic itself is correct. Oh, and the cool thing is, my snekmate math functions have been formally verified :D. 🐍💙
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My self-sovereign / local / private / secure LLM setup, April 2026
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Welcome to the Ethereum Economic Zone (EEZ), a framework for synchronously composable rollups. What does that mean? One deployment. Shared liquidity. Single transactions across L1 & L2. Identity verified anywhere. Smart wallets connected everywhere. No additional trust assumptions. This means L2s that are as credibly neutral, economically aligned, and publicly governed as the base layer itself. EEZ furthers Ethereum as the leading decentralized economy.
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