President Xi Jinping delivered a statement at the 25th Meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
As early as 24 years ago when it was founded, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization established the Shanghai Spirit, i.e., mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diversity of civilizations, and pursuit of common development.
⭐We were the first to set up a military confidence-building mechanism in our border areas, turning our extensive borders into a bond of friendship, mutual trust and cooperation.
⭐We were the first to launch Belt and Road cooperation. A large number of signature projects and “small and beautiful” livelihood projects have been successfully implemented, and industrial investment cooperation has been actively advanced, providing robust driving forces for development and prosperity across the region.
⭐We were the first to conclude a treaty on long-term good-neighborliness, friendship and cooperation, proclaiming our commitment to forge lasting friendship and refrain from hostilities.
⭐We were the first to put forth the vision of global governance featuring extensive consultation and joint contribution for shared benefit as an effort to practice true multilateralism.
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We’ve had lots of questions from our investor community looking for thoughts on OUSD, and so I thought I’d share my direct views here for anyone.
Stablecoin networks are platform and network effect businesses that are established over a long period of time, tend towards winner-take-most market structures, and resemble other internet platform utility markets. There are several layers that drive this.
First, stablecoin networks effectively act as public protocols and software layers on the internet and their network strength is a matter of the number and range of applications and services that integrate to the network. Every time a developer or service provider integrates to the network, it brings more network effects. This attracts more developers and adds more utility and more network effects. This then drives demand for the digital currency itself, which then reinforces these network effects through liquidity network effects.
We have realized this at a massive scale with the USDC network today — thousands upon thousands of services integrate with our network, which in turn provides immense utility not just to each application, but to users as a whole who benefit massively from the reach and interoperability that exists. This drives user and developer preference further. We’ve invested in building that ecosystem over nearly a decade, and now it’s accelerating as mainstream institutions come onto the network, connecting their customers and users.
We add to that utility by building software stacks that further expand and strengthen the network — protocols like CCTP and Gateway, which promote interoperability, safety and liquidity around the world. This expands the target surface area for app builders and developers, making it easy for them to tap into the liquidity and network effects that already exist. We are now seeing that stack get pulled into all kinds of chains, permissioned L2s, networks being built by governments, and so much more.
The second layer is that of liquidity network effects. This is fundamental. Liquidity begets liquidity. For a stablecoin to achieve scale and utility, it needs to be highly liquid, both on a primary basis (e.g., through all the major financial market centers in the world, with world class direct banking liquidity) and on a secondary basis both by being available and tradeable for retail and institutional clients in every geography and against every fiat instrument in the world. People who want to access and move value need to be able to easily get in and out of that digital currency. Here, we’ve invested nearly a decade in building out that liquidity, and it is now entrenched in exchanges, DeFI venues, and with PSPs, payments firms, regional exchanges, and so many others. Establishing these liquidity network effects also involves building global regulatory infrastructure and ensuring that the stablecoin is available under various regimes around the world. Today, USDC is in the top 3 most liquid digital assets in the world, and it falls off sharply after that. BTC, USDT and USDC have extraordinary liquidity. The closest other dollar stables are like 10x smaller and that liquidity tends to be concentrated in promotional books in a single exchange, whereas USDC liquidity is dispersed widely across dozens and dozens of surfaces. Building this liquidity has been a nearly decade-long task that we continue.
A third layer of network strength comes from the deep integration with the policy and regulatory environment — in many cases, years of effort to build licensing (e.g., USDC is the only large global stablecoin currently available in all of Europe or Japan), and more regimes for stablecoins are coming online, with Circle leading the way in ensuring that USDC is officially recognized, registered, licensed and accepted in the most important markets in the world. On the back of this is the work of building global banking, reserve management and treasury and liquidity management that can operate this on a nearly 24/7 basis in markets and banking systems globally. This globalization effort is a massive investment that we have made over the years.
All of these investments by Circle and our global ecosystem of thousands of partners have delivered the net result of providing the world’s most trusted and available digital dollar infrastructure—a utility that any user, developer, or business can freely and easily tap into. And we do not intend to slow down.
All of this compounds and shows in the numbers. In Q1 2026, according to third-party analysts (Artemis) who track stablecoin adoption, USDC handled nearly $30T in onchain transactions, representing 80% of all dollar stablecoin transactions on blockchains. USDT handled the remaining 20% of transactions. All of the combined remaining dollar stablecoins handled a total of 0% of transactions (i.e., < 0.5%). While other stablecoins may have some circulation, most of that is through promotions and incentives, the actual usage is extremely limited—because of the extremely limited liquidity and network utility that exists for these coins.
But my thoughts on the competitive landscape are not just about the strength of our network—there are also considerations around any new initiative.
Several perspectives and positioning have been shared about how something like OUSD improves on something like USDC.
1) Free mint and burn. The argument suggests that existing stablecoins charge burn fees, and payments firms should not need to pay these (despite the fact that the entire payment industry is built on small bps fees on various ingress and egress points on their networks). There are structural market realities built around the fact that some stablecoins impose very large redemption fees and have limited redemption facilities – the impact of this is that stablecoins with strong redemption facilities, good liquidity and no fees become the offramp for their competitor stablecoins. It may seem easy to say one will offer unlimited and free redeems, however market reality likely forces other behavior. This can be addressed – and is addressed by Circle – through contractual mechanisms vs. a blanket fee exemption.
2) Everybody wins and shares. While this sounds good in principle, the reality of the market and market opportunity is quite different. Today, Circle shares the majority of its income with its distribution partners, and we continue to lean hard into expanding those partnerships with leading companies across every sector of the market. However, we also retain significant income that allows us to invest in the massive market infrastructure that makes this such a powerful and valuable utility for the world to build on. Giving away all the income is a recipe for starving an infrastructure, systematically underinvesting and ensuring that your platform will remain limited in scope.
Furthermore, Circle believes that the future stablecoin market is likely several orders of magnitude larger than it is today. We’re actively bringing partners into the USDC ecosystem through a diverse and growing set of partnership models that span our work with exchanges, custodians, payments firms, asset issuers and more. We are excited to continue to build with a “big tent mentality” where the entire ecosystem can grow value together.
3) A consortium where everybody has a voice. Perhaps I have a cynical view, but the track record of consortium products achieving scale, P/M Fit or even basic product agility is absolutely dismal, and while there are examples of financial consortia that operate utilities, they are predictably slow moving. Large groups of large companies coordinate poorly, have misaligned incentives, slow things down and rarely create the space for real durable innovation and competitiveness. They also typically, out of their own self-interest, starve the consortium itself on an operating basis. We actually tried this in the early days of USDC, and even with a very small group, ran into endless challenges and complexity. Smaller, tighter strategic collaborations and commercial partnership arrangements with product and platform builders that can drive forward independently will almost always outcompete large consortiums. But oftentimes when these get formed, everyone feels like they should put their logo on the list, kiss the ring, and make noise about openness. But typically those same firms will turn to their operating units and make the best decisions for their customers, which often means partnering with the market leader and building durable win-win partnerships.
There’s also been a bunch of commentary on Circle's partnership with Coinbase and what this all means. Our stablecoin partnership with Coinbase remains as strong as ever, and I think we both see that enormous opportunity ahead to expand the USDC network.
A final comment: Circle remains committed to supporting a wide range of different products and infrastructures, even when we might compete with different aspects of those partners’ products in other areas of our business. With OUSD, we work closely with many of the founding members, and we expect that those same members will remain large USDC partners and customers. At the same time, as Circle has diversified our product and platform stack, expanding across Arc, CCTP, CPN, StableFX, Agent Stack and many other areas, we continue to expand the partnerships and collaboration with many other stablecoin issuers — dozens of them — to help them launch on Arc, leverage our interoperability infrastructure, get supported in our Wallets and become settlement and FX options on CPN and StableFX.
We are huge believers in growth in the stablecoin ecosystem and welcome OUSD as a new member of the community!
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Q2 Shareholder Update →
Highlights
– Cybercab began production at Gigafactory Texas
– Tesla Semi remains on track for volume production this year at our new factory in Nevada
– Making continued progress with battery pack capacity expansion (the main limiting factor to near-term vehicle production volume increase)
– Megafactory Texas is nearing completion (start of production planned for this year)
– More customers are now opting to subscribe to FSD at the time of vehicle purchase!
– Robotaxi rollout continued in the US. Now live in 7 major metros
– Construction of Optimus at Fremont Factory began after decommissioning the Model S & X lines. Planned production later this year
From here, there remains much hard work as we aim to revolutionize transportation, energy and productivity through our leading real-world AI. Scaling will be non-linear and we are focused on long-term value creation.
We’ve never been more optimistic about the future.
Automotive
– Record deliveries in several markets: South Korea, Australia, Colombia, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Portugal, the Philippines, Chile, Slovenia & Lithuania
– We launched the Model YL in the US in July and have seen a positive response from customers
Energy generation and storage
– Record energy storage deployments in EMEA, supported by record deployments from Megafactory Shanghai, which continues to ramp production
– On track to begin production of Megapack 3 & Megablock this year at our new Megafactory Texas
– Powerwall 3P (three-phase) is now available in Germany and is designed to meet the power needs of German homes with a single unit
Robotics
– Installing the first-generation lines for Optimus at Fremont Factory, where we expect to start production soon
– The initial Optimus builds will be used in our Optimus Academy for training data collection and further functionality development
– Additionally, we continued site development at Gigafactory Texas with building construction now in full swing
AI Training Compute
– More than doubled our onsite compute in Texas (in terms of MW of compute) during the first half of 2026
– Cortex 2 supports the development of both vehicle and humanoid robot autonomy software & will ramp further over the rest of the year
Battery
– Ramping new battery & material factories, including vehicle pack capacity in Berlin, cathode material production and lithium refining in Texas and LFP cells in Nevada for our energy storage products
– Increasing production of 4680 cells to support ramping Cybercab & Tesla Semi plus increased production of Model Y
Other Supporting Infrastructure
– Added over 2,400 net new Supercharging stalls, growing the network by 17% year-over-year
AI Software
– Started rolling out FSD v14 lite to early-access customers in the US & South Korea with AI3 hardware
This software build distills the driving behavior from AI4’s v14 series into both the camera & compute configuration of AI3, bringing destination options & speed profiles. It also addresses challenging driving scenarios with improved proactive & reactive responsiveness
AI Inference Compute
– Making progress on construction & equipment procurement for our semiconductor fab in Austin
Automotive and Other Software
– Rolled out Summer Release:
Self-Driving stats are now available in the mobile app
Grok can make phone calls, search & play music, and adjust climate controls, among other things
Automatic Navigation expands beyond home & work to support any destination based on personal habits and schedule
Robotaxi
– Started production of Cybercab, our purpose-built autonomous EV designed to be the workhorse of our Robotaxi fleet
– Began offering employee rides in Cybercabs on our GFTX campus in July
– Preparing for expansion of our Robotaxi service to additional US metros: testing, permitting & first responder training
– Expanded unsupervised rides to the entire Austin metro area & launched unsupervised rides in Miami, Orlando & Tampa in July
FSD Supervised
– Record net new subscriptions in Q2
– Record FSD attach rates in North America, with over half of new deliveries including FSD subscriptions
– Received additional approvals in Lithuania, Estonia, Denmark & Belgium, with customers in these countries driving over 50 million kilometers (31 million miles) on FSD as of July
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