Civilizations die from suicide.
After spending 3 decades studying 26 civilizations, Toynbee found that civilizations rise when a creative minority actually solves hard problems and earns real loyalty from the people.
Then that same minority hardens into a dominant minority that keeps power through force and habit while it stops actually leading.
The majority disengages and a schism opens in the body social.
External threats only finish what already started from inside.
No invading army ever killed a healthy civilization, they only bury the ones that have already stopped believing in themselves.
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