ZERO ALPHA Research Note 1/6
NVDA:第二个春天——从P带E到E带P
系列 1/6
NVIDIA这次财报,是我们重新研究NVDA的trigger event。最新季度营收达到 $96.2B,同比增长106%,Data Center收入达到 $89.0B,同比增长117%。一家已经跻身全球最大公司之列的企业,主营业务竟然重新实现年度翻倍,这使我们重新回头检查2023年以来NVDA的P、E和PE究竟发生了什么。这里的P代表股价,E采用GAAP diluted EPS,PE采用TTM GAAP P/E。真正有意义的并不是某一个时点PE到底高不高,而是P、E和PE三者在不同阶段分别怎样运动。
如果按照calendar quarter观察,NVDA从2023年以来大致可以分成三个阶段:第一春为2023 Q2–2024 Q2,中场为2024 Q3–2025 Q2,第二春为2025 Q3–2026 Q2。 这三个阶段虽然都属于同一轮AI产业扩张,却呈现出完全不同的资本市场结构。
第一春:2023 Q2–2024 Q2——P先走,E随后追上
2023年生成式AI爆发以后,市场首先买入的不是已经兑现的盈利,而是一个可能极其巨大的未来。第一春最直观的是股价变化:$27.69 → $46.64 → $40.70 → $61.42 → $86.25 → $116.83。市场很早就开始把AI未来写进P,但更值得注意的是PE同期却从 147x → 113x → 54x → 52x → 51x → 55x。股价大幅上涨,PE却从147倍迅速回落到50倍附近,原因只有一个:E增长得比P更快。
这一阶段的GAAP EPS同比增长大致为 28% → 854% → 1,274% → 765% → 629% → 168%,而营收同比增长则走出 -13% → 101% → 206% → 265% → 262% → 122% 的轨迹。也就是说,第一春并不是PE一直扩张,而是P首先冲出去,随后E以更惊人的速度追上,把高估值迅速消化掉。第一春本质上是一个 Top-down growth cycle:市场先发现AI的未来,P先走,E随后兑现。因此可以简单概括为:第一春,P带E。
中场:2024 Q3–2025 Q2——市场开始相信“大数定律”
第一轮爆发以后,增长明显进入高基数消化期。季度营收同比增长从 122% → 94% → 78% → 69% → 56%,方向非常清楚。市场很自然地形成一种判断:NVDA已经太大了,过去200%以上的增长不可能长期持续,未来应该逐步回落到40%、30%,最终进入20%左右的成熟公司区间。
这一时期PE也从第一春末期的大约55倍,经历 55x → 52x → 41x → 35x → 51x 的变化。股价仍然波动很大,但市场的叙事已经从“hypergrowth”逐渐转向“优秀但正在成熟的mega-cap technology company”。如果故事在这里结束,NVDA会遵循一条很典型的大公司成长路径:规模越来越大,增速越来越低,估值逐步回落,最终进入成熟期。
但真正改变我们判断的,是接下来发生的事情。
第二春:2025 Q3–2026 Q2——E重新加速,P却没有同步透支
从2025年下半年开始,NVDA的增长曲线没有继续向下,而是重新向上。季度营收同比增长从 56% → 62% → 73% → 85% → 106%。这条数字串可能是整个Research Note最重要的证据,因为它说明NVDA没有按照市场熟悉的“大数定律”从56%继续下降到40%、30%、20%,反而在更大的收入基数上重新进入年度翻倍。
与此同时,股价却表现得相当克制,从 $177.63 → $202.23 → $190.90 → $199.34 → $209.66。从2025年中到2026年8月,公司基本面发生巨大变化,但P只从约$178升到约$210。于是PE出现了与第一春完全不同的方向:51x → 50x → 39x → 30.5x → ~26.5x。同期GAAP EPS同比增长则重新进入高速区间,大致为 61% → 67% → 98% → 214% → 128%。部分季度受到H20 charge和低基数影响,不能机械比较每一个EPS百分比,但趋势非常明确:E重新加速,而P没有同步提前透支,因此PE持续下降。
这就是第二春与第一春最根本的区别。第一春中,市场先用高PE购买未来,随后等待E兑现;第二春则越来越像公司已经用业绩证明自己,E先重新加速,P却没有同步扩张,于是PE被盈利不断压低。第一春是 Top-down:P带E;第二春则开始变成 Bottom-up:E带P。
为什么2026年的106%,比2023年的101%更值得研究?
表面上看,2023年的101%和2026年的106%非常接近,但两者的商业意义完全不同。2023年第一春启动时,NVDA季度营收大约只有 $13.5B;今天已经达到 $96.2B。第一春的100%增长,是一家刚刚进入AI爆发期的公司完成的;第二春的100%增长,则是一家已经成为全球最大公司之一、季度收入接近$100B的企业完成的。
因此,今天真正值得研究的问题已经不是“NVDA为什么又增长100%”,而是:NVDA已经这么大了,为什么还能重新增长100%? 这也是第二春比第一春更有研究价值的地方。相似的百分比背后,绝对收入增量已经完全不是一个数量级。
ZERO Insight
从calendar quarter看,NVDA过去三年的轨迹已经非常清楚:2023 Q2–2024 Q2是第一春,市场先相信AI未来,P走在E前面;2024 Q3–2025 Q2是中场,增长减速,市场开始相信大数定律;2025 Q3–2026 Q2则进入第二春,E重新加速,P没有同步透支,PE反而持续下降。
第一春是P带E,第二春转向E带P。
我们正在见证NVDA从一个成功的成长股变成罕见的巨型成长股
2026NVDA的E重新推动市场发现它。
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ZERO ALPHA Research Preview | Reframing NVDA
NVIDIA’s latest earnings report is the trigger event for a new round of deep research.
A company already among the largest in the world just delivered 106% year-over-year revenue growth, with Data Center revenue up 117%. What is striking is not simply that NVIDIA beat expectations again, but that its core business has returned to a doubling growth rate from an already enormous base, even as AMD GPUs, hyperscaler-designed chips, and custom AI accelerators continue to enter the market.
That prompted us to go back and re-examine NVIDIA’s full growth trajectory since 2023.
When revenue growth, earnings growth, stock-price appreciation, and P/E are viewed together, a very different pattern begins to emerge.
The first NVIDIA spring was largely top-down. The market recognized the potential of generative AI first, the stock price moved ahead, and earnings later caught up.
The second spring now looks increasingly bottom-up. Revenue growth re-accelerated from:
56% → 62% → 73% → 85% → 106%
while valuation multiples moved lower rather than higher.
In simple terms:
First Spring: P led E.
Second Spring: E is beginning to lead P.
This earnings report therefore may represent more than another earnings beat. It may be a signal that NVDA itself needs to be reframed.
It also raises a broader question:
What actually defines a true mega-cap growth stock?
A high P/E alone does not define growth. The rarest structure may be a company that is already enormous, still grows its core business near 100%, generates earnings faster than its stock price rises, avoids excessive valuation expansion, and continues to create new TAM.
Applying this framework to AMD, MU, SNDK, LITE, ALAB, DELL, and the hyperscalers makes the leadership hierarchy increasingly clear. Many of them have strong growth, but each still carries a weakness in valuation, cyclicality, pricing dependence, platform control, or growth durability.
NVDA currently presents a more unusual combination.
More importantly, at least four additional growth engines are still developing:
Pricing Power
Supply Efficiency
Open Models
Inference Specialization
If these continue to develop, today’s NVIDIA may not yet represent the peak of this second growth cycle.
And NVIDIA’s second spring may not belong to NVIDIA alone. Memory and storage, optical networking, and AI data-center operators could all benefit if another AI infrastructure expansion cycle is now beginning.
ZERO ALPHA will therefore use this earnings report — a mega-cap company returning to 100%+ core growth — as the starting point for a six-part NVDA Research Note series:
1/6. NVDA: The Second Spring — From P Leading E to E Leading P
2/6. NVDA: What Defines a True Mega-Cap Growth Stock?
3/6. NVDA: Why It Is Still in Its Prime, Not Near the Peak
4/6. NVDA: Four New Growth Engines — How Far Can the Second Spring Go?
5/6. NVDA: Why Leaders Lose Leadership — Lessons from Intel, Tesla, and AMD
6/6. NVDA: Will the Second Spring Reignite the Entire AI Infrastructure Chain?
Each note will focus on one independent question and can be read on its own.
ZERO Insight
The most important message from this earnings report may not be that NVIDIA beat expectations again.
It may be this:
When a company already this large returns to 100%+ core growth while trading at a much lower P/E than during its first AI explosion, what needs to be revalued may not be just NVDA’s stock price — but our entire understanding of mega-cap growth.
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